a. Industries in which there are neither imports nor exports:

Industries that have little or no involvement in international trade (neither importing nor exporting) are less likely to experience short-term unemployment due to changes in trade policies. These industries primarily serve a domestic market and are not directly affected by shifts in international trade dynamics.

For example, a local service provider like a hair salon or a fitness center typically doesn’t engage in international trade, so they are less impacted by changes in trade policies. Therefore, this option is less likely to face short-term unemployment.

c. Industries that sell to domestic and foreign buyers:

Industries that cater to both domestic and foreign markets may have a more diversified customer base. This diversity can act as a buffer against sudden changes in demand or market conditions.

For example, an aerospace company that sells airplanes both domestically and internationally may be better able to weather fluctuations in demand from one market if the other remains stable.

Therefore, while they may face some challenges in the face of trade policy changes, they are less likely to experience significant short-term unemployment compared to import-competing industries.

d. Industries that sell to only foreign buyers:

Industries that primarily sell to foreign buyers are already engaged in international trade. They are likely to have structures in place to navigate international markets and adapt to changes in trade policies. These industries are generally less impacted by shifts in trade policies, as they have already established a market presence abroad.

For example, a company that exclusively exports a unique product to foreign markets is less likely to face short-term unemployment due to changes in trade policies, as their business model is already geared towards international trade.

In summary, while these industries may face some challenges due to changes in trade policies, they are less likely to experience the same level of short-term unemployment as import-competing industries, which are more directly affected by increased international competition.