Evaluative
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Evaluative – Evaluative Research and Evaluative Reasoning | Research Methodology

Evaluative

A person who is evaluative is someone who carefully considers or judges something. When you are evaluative, you judge or calculate the quality, value, or amount of something.

Evaluative research, also known as program evaluation or evaluation of a product, is a way to evaluate products and concepts and collect data that may help to improve them. It is defined as a form of systematic, disciplined inquiry that is undertaken to provide information that will assist in decision making about an object, program, practice, activity, or system.

Applied Research
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Applied Research – Concept, Types, Methods, Benefits, Limitations and Examples | Research Methodology

Applied Research

In applied research, the objective is to solve a specific problem or provide innovative solutions to issues affecting an individual, group or society.

Since it involves the practical application of scientific methods to everyday problems, it is sometimes called a scientific method of inquiry or contractual research.

An applied researcher takes time to identify a problem, develop a research hypothesis, and then execute experiments to test these hypotheses. In many cases, this approach employs empirical methods in order to solve practical problems.

Applied research refers to a non-systematic approach that provides solutions to specific problems or issues. These issues can range from a personal one to a group or societal one.

Due to its direct approach to finding solutions, it is called a non-systematic approach. An applied research process is often seen as a scientific process because the tools of science are applied practically to reach a conclusion.

A researcher conducting applied research identifies a problem, formulates a hypothesis, and conducts experiments to test it. The research further examines the findings of a pure or basic research.

Disadvantages of Interview Method
Posted inResearch Sociology

Disadvantages of Interview Method – Interview Method of Data Collection | Management Notes

Disadvantages of Interview Method

The method of interview, in spite of its numerous advantages, has the following limitations: 

Very costly

Very costly

It is a very expensive affair. When using this method, the cost per case is much higher than when using a mailed questionnaire. In general, a questionnaire costs much less than an interview. The work of collecting data can require a large number of field workers to be trained and engaged. The entire process entails a lot of expenses, so a researcher with limited financial resources finds it difficult to adopt this approach.

An interview can be costly due to the time and resources involved, such as scheduling, travel, and compensation for participants. In addition, the cost of hiring interviewers and transcribing or recording interviews can increase expenses. Furthermore, it can provide valuable insights into many fields and is an important tool for obtaining information. By using online or remote methods, standardizing or structuring interviews, and recruiting participants from accessible populations, interviews can be mitigated.

  • Coordinating participant availability and scheduling
  • Participant and/or interviewer travel costs
  • Participants are compensated for their time
  • Interviewers should be trained or hired
  • Interview transcription or recording
  • Conducting an analysis of interview data
  • When conducting large-scale or long-term research, these costs can add up and become significant.

Advantages of Interview Method
Posted inResearch Sociology

Advantages of Interview Method – Interview Method of Data Collection | Management Notes

Advantages of Interview Method

The advantages of the interview method over other techniques are as follows: 

  • Changing the interview situation allows a well-trained interviewer to obtain more data and greater clarity. This cannot be accomplished through a questionnaire. 
  • Unlike a questionnaire, an interview gives the researcher the opportunity to follow-up on leads. 
  • There are often shortcomings with questionnaires in that they are often shallow and do not give a true reflection of opinions and feelings. Interviews usually allow for much deeper exploration. 
  •  Using motivational techniques and maintaining rapport with the subject is one way for a skilled interviewer to obtain relevant information, other methods do not permit such an outcome. 
  • In an interview, respondents may reveal confidential information that they do not wish to record on a questionnaire. 
  • Those who cannot express themselves in writing, such as children and illiterate people, can use interview techniques. Questionnaires do not allow this. 
Difference between Questionnaires and Schedules
Posted inResearch Sociology

Difference between Questionnaires and Schedules- Methods of Data Collection | Management Notes

Difference between Questionnaires and Schedules

When you work with questionnaires and schedules, you will observe that there are several similarities between the two. However, there are prominent differences also, which are as follows:

  • In most cases, the interviewer mails the interviewee a questionnaire, which is filled out by the interviewee. In contrast, the interviewer fills out a schedule at the time of the interview.
  • Questionnaires are more cost-effective than schedules since only the preparation and mailing of the schedules are required. Extra money is spent on training interviewers and appointing them as interviewers in the schedule method.
  • A questionnaire typically receives a low response rate since many people fail to respond. Meanwhile, schedules have a higher response since they are filled in by the interviewer at the time of the interview.
  • Questionnaires do not always identify the respondent, whereas schedules identify the interviewee or respondent.
  • Respondents may not return the questionnaire on time if they use the questionnaire method. Scheduling method does not present such problems since the schedule is filled at the time of the interview.
  • Questionnaires do not allow personal contact with respondents, whereas schedules do.
  • While the questionnaire method can be useful only for literate respondents, the schedule method does not require a literate interviewee.
  • Questionnaires are more likely to collect incomplete and incorrect information, while schedules collect complete and accurate data.
Observation
Posted inResearch Sociology

Observation – Characteristics,Types, Advantages and Disadvantages | Techniques of Data Collection

Observation

Observations have contributed to some of the most significant scientific discoveries in human history. In On the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin describes his theory of evolution based on his observations of animals and marine life at the Galapagos Islands.

As a primary research method, observation is used by social scientists, natural scientists, engineers, computer scientists, educational researchers, and many others.Based on the subject being researched, one makes varying types of observations.

To minimize potential risks of harm, a researcher conducting an on-line survey can:
Posted inResearch

To minimize potential risks of harm, a researcher conducting an on-line survey can:

To minimize potential risks of harm, a researcher conducting an on-line survey can:

A) Specify that all respondents must be legal adults.
B) Suggest that subjects print a copy of the informed consent form for their records.
C) Comply with the survey software’s Terms of Service agreement.
D) Design the survey so that no direct or indirect identifiers are collected.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Observational Studies
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Observational Studies | Business Research Methodology

Advantages and Disadvantages of Observational Studies 

Advantages of Observation Studies

  • Simple and easy way of data Collection

As compared to surveys, observation studies are regarded as one of the easiest and simplest ways of collecting data which occurs in a natural setting. Data collection through observation helps the researcher to understand things in a better manner as people easily understand many things by observing their surroundings.

  • Hypothesis is framed using Observation Studies

It is believed and considered that observation is one of the key factors for the purpose of formulating the hypothesis as after observing something for a continuous period researchers are well-known with the things that have been observed.

  • Information is accurate to a greater extent

As compared to surveys, observation studies provide more accurate information as the observer can closely observe the behavior of the respondents. In other methods of data collection, it might be possible that the respondents can be biased intentionally or unintentionally regarding providing information leading to unreliable information.

  •  Universality

As compared to the survey method, the observation method of data collection is universally applicable and is applied in all sciences either physical or social.

Primary Data Collection Methods
Posted inData Analysis and Business Intelligence Research

Primary Data – Primary Data Collection Methods | Research Methodology

Primary Data

Primary Data is the original and fresh data or we can say the first-hand data collected for the specific purpose of the study and it happened to be original in character. These data have not been previously assembled or collected for any known project.

Primary data are usually collected by conducting a sample survey or experiment, and the data generated by these methods are correspondingly called survey data and experimental data.

Characteristics of Research
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Characteristics of Research – Research and Development | Business Research Methods

Characteristics of Research 

What is scientific research?

Scientific research is the application of scientific methods, and scientific principles to the investigation of relationships among different variables to find out solutions to problems or to develop a new theory.

It is mostly carried out by the scientific researcher with systematic observation. Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear.

The purpose of scientific research is to contribute to science by collecting, interpreting, and evaluating data systematically in a planned manner and that is what a researcher does.

Research findings generated by a small group of scientists are socialized, and new information about a diagnosis, treatment, and application is revealed. The purpose of this review is to provide details about how scientific research is defined, classified, and conducted.

Scientists should determine the subject, plan, and specify the methodology before beginning scientific research.

It is stated in the Declaration of Helsinki that “public participation in medical research is designed primarily to provide insights into the causes, development, and effects of a disease, and to develop preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic interventions (methods, operations, and therapies).

Research into the reliability, efficiency, accessibility, effectiveness and quality of even the best-proven interventions should be conducted continuously. The characteristics of scientific research are as follows: